Fair Use: A Media Creator’s Guide to Using Copyrighted Content
By Matthew B. Harrison
TALKERS, VP/Associate Publisher
Harrison Media Law, Senior Partner
Goodphone Communications, Executive Producer
As a media creator, incorporating copyrighted material, such as video clips or actualities, into your content can enhance your message. But when using someone else’s work, you need to consider fair use, a legal principle that permits limited use of copyrighted material under certain conditions – without needing permission from the copyright holder. Understanding when and how you can safely use this material is critical to avoiding costly liability – whether it’s a copyright strike or complicated copyright litigation.
What is fair use? Fair use is the legal principle that allows copyrighted material to be used without permission for purposes above and beyond the original version – like criticism, commentary, news reporting, education, or parody. It’s not an absolute right but rather a defense you can claim if challenged. Courts assess fair use based on four key factors, all which creators should carefully consider.
Purpose and character of the use. Is the use of the material transformative? This means that you’re adding something new or giving it a different purpose than the original, rather than just copying it. This is more likely to be allowable. On the other hand, simply reposting someone else’s video with little change is not transformative and could be seen as infringement.
Nature of the copyrighted work. Not all content is treated equally under fair use. Factual works (such as news reports) are more likely to be subject to fair use than creative works (like movies or music videos). Why? Courts recognize that creative works often involve a higher level of personal expression, so they deserve more protection. Plus, society has an interest in being able to quickly disseminate news and other important information – therefore, facts generally have little to no protection themselves.
Amount and substantiality. The more of the original work you use, the less likely it is to qualify as fair use. Using a brief clip or excerpt is more defensible than using an entire segment or the “heart” of a work, which is often the most memorable or critical part. This becomes less of an issue when using factual material, though immediately can get complicated if the material being used is someone elses opinion and commentary. This is where taking less is going to be more – in terms of preventing potential liability.
Effect on the market. If your use of the copyrighted material could replace the need for the original courts are more likely to see it as infringement. In other words – is your use of the material taking money out of the pockets of the original creator? This isn’t a moral judgement but purely an objective analysis. If your use does not impact the market for the original work, such as in a news or educational context, it’s more likely to fall under fair use.
Practical Takeaways for Media Creators
Use brief excerpts, not whole segments. The less you use, the more likely it’s fair use.
Make sure your use is transformative. Add commentary, criticism, or parody to distinguish your work from the original.
Be mindful of market impact. Avoid using copyrighted material in a way that competes with the original.
Credit is not enough. Even if you give attribution, it doesn’t exempt you from potential liability. Fair use depends on how you use the material, not just on crediting the original creator.
While fair use provides flexibility, it’s crucial to apply it carefully. When in doubt, consult with legal counsel to ensure your content remains within legal bounds.
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